Neanderthals are generally agreed to have gone extinct 32-30,000 years ago. I've seen no possible dates earlier then 24,000 years ago.
Interbreeding with humans was unlikely:
"The comparison to chimpanzees with modern humans is 55.0 ±3.0, compared to the average between humans and Neanderthals of 25.6 ±2.2. These results indicate a divergence of the human and Neanderthal lineages long before the most recent common mtDNA ancestor of humans. ... estimate the human and Neanderthal divergence at 550,000-690,000 years ago. ....hypothesis that modern humans arose in Africa before migrating to Europe and replacing the Neanderthal population with little or no interbreeding.
http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/paleo/nea...
Compare the standard Homo sapien and Homo neanderthal's body and a number of obvious differences are clear. Neanderthals are more robust while Homo sapiens are more lightly built. This allowed them to survive on a plains and run long distances, something the Neanderthals couldn't do
"Still, as the scientists pieced together the bones, something didn’t look quite right. A rotund, bell-shaped torso, produced by a flared lower ribcage, and a pelvic region that looked slightly wide and feminine, began to form in front of their eyes.
"The biggest surprise by all means is that they have a rib cage radically different than a modern human’s rib cage," said Sawyer. "As we stood back, we noticed one interesting thing was that these are kind of a short, squat people. These guys had no waist at all — they were compact, dwarfy-like beings."
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7153332/
Above is a very interesting view and explanation of why this person believes that Neanderthals went extinct 10,000 years ago. He/She is talking about that the cause for extinction was mainly due to Neanderthals having a disadvantage is there body build compared to humans. They also believe that humans migrated from Africa to Europe where Neanderthals were living. As we will find out later Homo-Sapiens were better for hunting than Neanderthals and were able to survive and thrive a lot better than Neanderthals.
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