Below is a video just briefly covering how Neanderthals fit into the evolution of Human Evolution:
Thursday 26 June 2014
My Conclusion
What I've learnt from a lot of the research that I have been conducting is that a lot of the research seems to suggest that Neanderthals are extinct. However I have learnt a lot of interesting facts and conspiracy's such potentially some human beings being more Neanderthals than other and also the interesting cause of extinction of the Neanderthals which was largely caused by the humans. I have also learnt that the Neanderthals weren't so different from that of the Homo-Sapiens.
Below is a video just briefly covering how Neanderthals fit into the evolution of Human Evolution:
Below is a video just briefly covering how Neanderthals fit into the evolution of Human Evolution:
BBC Planet of the Apemen Battle for Earth 2 Neanderthal
Here is a good introductory video to Neanderthals which shows that battle for Earth between the native Neanderthals and the migrating Humans, this video also covers a few extra bits that I missed.
Neanderthals Decoded Video
Above is a 50 min video which basically covers a lot of the points that I have put forward and discussed.
Are some people more Neanderthal than others?
There is belief that some people have a larger percentage of Neanderthal genes than others. This theory is believed to be true. As the average human will have a percentage ranging from 1% to 4% this percentage is mostly due to the origins of where you come from so certain places in Europe will have a larger percentage than say someone in America. There are some specific people who are believed to have more than the 1% to 4% of an average human. These are only speculations and are not factual:
The most famous one is the Russian boxer, Nikolay Valuev, he looks normal in a photograph that shows him from the front, but he has an extremely slanted forehead.
He has a massive skeleton, also. A normal man can't develop such a massive body simply by taking steroids or getting exercise. You have to inherit the prehistoric genetic traits.
Rodney Rhines of Ohio doesn't have a sloping forehead, but he has the protruding mouth of a primitive human. This feature is not noticeable in a front view.
The most famous one is the Russian boxer, Nikolay Valuev, he looks normal in a photograph that shows him from the front, but he has an extremely slanted forehead.
He has a massive skeleton, also. A normal man can't develop such a massive body simply by taking steroids or getting exercise. You have to inherit the prehistoric genetic traits.
Rodney Rhines of Ohio doesn't have a sloping forehead, but he has the protruding mouth of a primitive human. This feature is not noticeable in a front view.
Did he inherit prehistoric genetic traits? If so, that could explain why his behaviour has been crude.
Neanderthals and other primitive humans were shorter than modern Northern Europeans, and they had a stronger, more massive body.
Their posture was different, also. They had a short neck that came out of their body at an angle, whereas modern man has a longer neck that is more vertical. |
| Nikolay Valuev |
 |
| Rodney Rhines |
How did Neanderthal genes affect that of Human genes?
If you're a non-African person, you've got a little Neanderthal in your genome. In fact, maybe you have some other hominins in there, too. But just what kind of genetic legacy did some of us inherit from the Neanderthals? Two new scientific papers provide some intriguing hints.
Two new papers, one in Nature and the other in Science, suggest that Neanderthal genes helped European and Asian peoples' ancestors adapt to the colder environments outside of Africa. Twenty percent of the Neanderthal genome lives on in humans today, and non-African people generally have 1 to 4% Neanderthal DNA.
Genes that researchers identified as uniquely Neanderthal are involved in the body's production of hair and skin. Perhaps Neanderthal hair kept our ancestors warmer, and thus they passed the valuable genes on. And possibly Neanderthal skin was better suited to the northern weather, or better adapted to local microbes. But we simply don't know for sure.
Joshua Akey, whose team published the Science paper, told journalist Ed Yong:
It seems quite compelling that as modern humans left Africa, met Neanderthals, and exchanged genes, we picked up adaptive variants in some genes that conferred an advantage in local climatic conditions . . . Unfortunately, skin and hair do so many things that it's hard to speculate on what specifically that adaptive trait was.
What is clear is that these genes were beneficial, because they were preserved in many people's genomes for so long.
Many of the Neanderthal genes may also have created problems, including male infertility. The New York Times' Carl Zimmer spoke with both teams of researchers. He writes:
Both teams of scientists also found long stretches of the living human genomes where Neanderthal DNA was glaringly absent. This pattern could be produced if modern humans with certain Neanderthal genes couldn't have as many children on average as people without them. For example, living humans have very few genes from Neanderthals involved in making sperm. That suggests that male human-Neanderthal hybrids might have had lower fertility or were even sterile.Overall, said Dr. [David] Reich, "most of the Neanderthal genetic material was more bad than good."
This also speaks to a question that often comes up in discussions about Homo sapiens having children with Neanderthals. Given that the two groups of humans had diverged over 600,000 years before they met again, might their offspring not be sterile, like mules? Obviously, many of the hybrid offspring were not sterile, since their genes remain alive in modern humans today. But perhaps many male hybrids were infertile, partly because — as Reich and his team put it in their Nature paper — "Neanderthal alleles caused decreased fertility in males when moved to a modern human genetic background."
In light of genetic evidence, anthropologists today do not always define Homo sapiens and Neanderthals as separate species. But the groups were different enough that their offspring were not always able to reproduce. Still, it seems that the Neanderthals left a visible genetic legacy behind among non-Africans. Both Europeans and Asians owe their hair and skin to Neanderthal ancestors.
Who and What were the Neanderthals?
The Neanderthal, like Homo-sapiens, had a Homo erectus ancestor some 500 to 600,000 years ago. (Many consider Homo heidelbergensis to be a separate species & the ancestor of Neanderthal while others consider heidlebergensis to simply be a somewhat evolved erectus.) The recent nearly complete sequencing of the Neanderthal genome (by the Max Planck Institute) determined that non African sapiens bred with Neanderthal to produce hybrids about 60 to 80,000 years ago. Due to the time frame it is likely the hybridization took place in the Mid East.
Therefore it appears as if the Neanderthal lives on in the genes of all non Africans as from 1 to 4% of their genome is derived from Neanderthal. Savante Paabo of the Max Planck Institute says the genes in question affect skin, sweat glands and cognitive development. Therefore the Homo-sapienss made love, not war, on Neanderthal in the mid east.
Neanderthals were apex predators that subsisted mainly on red meat and due to the location and shape of clavicle & scapula (collar bone & shoulder blade) may have been unable to accurately throw their spears in an overhand motion. Because they never ate anything other than large animals and had to get close to them to stab with their heavy spears, it is likely they starved when Humans began to hunt animals with their light weight throw able spears.
Therefore it appears as if the Neanderthal lives on in the genes of all non Africans as from 1 to 4% of their genome is derived from Neanderthal. Savante Paabo of the Max Planck Institute says the genes in question affect skin, sweat glands and cognitive development. Therefore the Homo-sapienss made love, not war, on Neanderthal in the mid east.
Neanderthals were apex predators that subsisted mainly on red meat and due to the location and shape of clavicle & scapula (collar bone & shoulder blade) may have been unable to accurately throw their spears in an overhand motion. Because they never ate anything other than large animals and had to get close to them to stab with their heavy spears, it is likely they starved when Humans began to hunt animals with their light weight throw able spears.
Brief Theory for why Neanderthals are extinct plus evidence
Neanderthals are generally agreed to have gone extinct 32-30,000 years ago. I've seen no possible dates earlier then 24,000 years ago.
Interbreeding with humans was unlikely:
"The comparison to chimpanzees with modern humans is 55.0 ±3.0, compared to the average between humans and Neanderthals of 25.6 ±2.2. These results indicate a divergence of the human and Neanderthal lineages long before the most recent common mtDNA ancestor of humans. ... estimate the human and Neanderthal divergence at 550,000-690,000 years ago. ....hypothesis that modern humans arose in Africa before migrating to Europe and replacing the Neanderthal population with little or no interbreeding.
http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/paleo/nea...
Compare the standard Homo sapien and Homo neanderthal's body and a number of obvious differences are clear. Neanderthals are more robust while Homo sapiens are more lightly built. This allowed them to survive on a plains and run long distances, something the Neanderthals couldn't do
"Still, as the scientists pieced together the bones, something didn’t look quite right. A rotund, bell-shaped torso, produced by a flared lower ribcage, and a pelvic region that looked slightly wide and feminine, began to form in front of their eyes.
"The biggest surprise by all means is that they have a rib cage radically different than a modern human’s rib cage," said Sawyer. "As we stood back, we noticed one interesting thing was that these are kind of a short, squat people. These guys had no waist at all — they were compact, dwarfy-like beings."
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7153332/
Above is a very interesting view and explanation of why this person believes that Neanderthals went extinct 10,000 years ago. He/She is talking about that the cause for extinction was mainly due to Neanderthals having a disadvantage is there body build compared to humans. They also believe that humans migrated from Africa to Europe where Neanderthals were living. As we will find out later Homo-Sapiens were better for hunting than Neanderthals and were able to survive and thrive a lot better than Neanderthals.
Interbreeding with humans was unlikely:
"The comparison to chimpanzees with modern humans is 55.0 ±3.0, compared to the average between humans and Neanderthals of 25.6 ±2.2. These results indicate a divergence of the human and Neanderthal lineages long before the most recent common mtDNA ancestor of humans. ... estimate the human and Neanderthal divergence at 550,000-690,000 years ago. ....hypothesis that modern humans arose in Africa before migrating to Europe and replacing the Neanderthal population with little or no interbreeding.
http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/paleo/nea...
Compare the standard Homo sapien and Homo neanderthal's body and a number of obvious differences are clear. Neanderthals are more robust while Homo sapiens are more lightly built. This allowed them to survive on a plains and run long distances, something the Neanderthals couldn't do
"Still, as the scientists pieced together the bones, something didn’t look quite right. A rotund, bell-shaped torso, produced by a flared lower ribcage, and a pelvic region that looked slightly wide and feminine, began to form in front of their eyes.
"The biggest surprise by all means is that they have a rib cage radically different than a modern human’s rib cage," said Sawyer. "As we stood back, we noticed one interesting thing was that these are kind of a short, squat people. These guys had no waist at all — they were compact, dwarfy-like beings."
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7153332/
Above is a very interesting view and explanation of why this person believes that Neanderthals went extinct 10,000 years ago. He/She is talking about that the cause for extinction was mainly due to Neanderthals having a disadvantage is there body build compared to humans. They also believe that humans migrated from Africa to Europe where Neanderthals were living. As we will find out later Homo-Sapiens were better for hunting than Neanderthals and were able to survive and thrive a lot better than Neanderthals.
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